Turn your computer on.
Press ESC at the grub prompt.
Press e for edit.
Highlight the line that begins kernel ………, press e
Go to the very end of the line, add rw init=/bin/bash
press enter, then press b to boot your system.
Your system will boot up to a passwordless root shell.
Type in passwd username
Set your password.
Type in reboot
Network World - Google Inc. called on the Web development community to improve the speed of Web pages, posted its own list of performance best practices, and declared that protocols such as TCP/IP and HTML need to be updated or even replaced.
Google's official blog said that protocols such as HTML and TCP/IP were created "when broadband and rich interactive web apps were in their infancy."
In the past 20 years, Google notes, networks have become much faster, more able to handle heavy-duty Web applications and video, and in the past 10 years, JavaScript speed has improved a hundredfold.
For an example of the performance enhancements it has in mind, Google pointed to the recently proposed HTML 5, which has been heralded as a potential game-changer in Web application development. Some HTML 5 features have shown up in browsers, but it could take years to fully implement.
In a video, Google Performance Evangelist Steve Souders said, "If we could come up with changes, enhancements or even alternatives to TCP/IP or HTTP, that might have a significant impact."
Google acknowledged that, while it is a major player on the Internet, it cannot implement changes on its own, and expressed that it would continue to work through standards bodies.
At the same time, Google advocated that Web sites take smaller steps to improve performance today. The company laid out its best practices for Web developers at a new site, as well as a Google Group to open the discussion to the community.
From Government Technology - Solutions for state and local government in the information age
The public sector, especially the federal government, has been slow to embrace what may be the single most important innovation sweeping the technology world -- open source software. It holds the "keys to the kingdom" in making government more efficient in conducting its business, serving citizens securely and better managing tax dollars spent on technology.
Open source technology enables both equal access and the freedom to distribute a technology's source code -- in essence the "language" on which it's built. It includes an accepted set of standards that allow a business or government the freedom to move its critical data and IT services on, off and in-between products from different companies, whenever it chooses.
Think about your car. In the U.S. we've agreed to drive on the right-hand side of the road. We've agreed on traffic rules and signals. The gas pedal goes on the right and the brake goes on the left. These are our "open standards" for driving. Still, we're free to purchase any car from any car company we wish. And if we're not happy with the car we bought, or we don't think the price is fair, we're free to shop around. We don't need a new driver's license or to invest time and money learning to drive a different type of car.
It's the same with the global commercial open source movement. And the first major benefit the government can realize from this freedom and openness is reduced costs. Commercial open source technologies cost less than closed, proprietary technologies. Open source software can typically be downloaded for free. And open source technology and open standards allow multiple vendors to compete fairly for the government's business. Such competition brings more choices, better products and lower prices.
The cost savings are astounding. In the UK, where the government recently announced it will accelerate the use of commercial open source software, it's estimated that the move away from proprietary technologies could save £600 million a year. Here in the U.S., a recent report from MeriTalk estimates federal IT savings could reach "$3.7 billion from open source." These cost savings can't be ignored, especially when taxpayer dollars are footing the bill.
Think, if you will, about government procurement scandals of the past involving unexamined purchases that led to disclosures of $10,000 toilet seats and wastebaskets and other irresponsible spending. Proprietary software is this decade's procurement scandal waiting to happen with government agencies wasting millions on proprietary technologies when equivalent open source technologies are available for just thousands of dollars, or in some cases, free. Creating a formal policy around open source use and procurement brings more transparency and a level playing field to the government technology bidding process.
The second major consideration is security. Ensuring the security and integrity of our government's sensitive data and critical IT systems is crucial. Commercial open source technologies provide more security than their proprietary counterparts because open development means hidden breaches aren't buried in the code. They are ferreted out more quickly and efficiently, and rigorous testing ensures three-letter agency security levels.
Finally, open technologies enable every citizen to better communicate with our government, do business with government agencies, receive government services and access public data. This happens when all government and "citizen-owned" content share common standards and don't require the use of proprietary technologies (word processors and spreadsheets, Web browsers or e-mail clients) to access it.
By no means is open source a new idea. Open source technologies and solutions such as Java, Linux, Solaris, MySQL, Apache and OpenOffice are well established and well proven the world over -- literally billions of people are using them. Some of the world's most successful companies -- like Google and Facebook -- run their businesses on them.
There are a few success stories in the U.S government as well, yet we still lag behind the rest of the world in making use open source. Governments in the UK, Brazil, Denmark, the Netherlands, China and Germany -- just to name a few -- have all engaged in formal, wide-scale deployments of open source technology, with many having articulated specific policy on open source. Without its own open source policy in place, the United States risks widening economic and technological competitive gaps between itself and the rest of the world.
In the end the best performing, most cost-effective technology is always the right technology for the job -- whether it's open source or proprietary. But I do believe our government needs to embrace open source technologies and develop a formal policy for their use. Open source supports many of the new federal administration's stated goals; better security, faster deployment, open government, and more responsible spending.
The time is now for the United States to capitalize on open source technology.
Bill Vass is the president and chief operating officer of Sun Microsystems Federal Inc. and the chief technology officer of Sun's Global Accounts and Industry organization. Vass focuses on providing the U.S. government and elite global accounts with open, secure and efficient solutions to solve unique IT challenges for large-scale organizations.
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| A wine-tasting near Beijing, China |
For many people, even a little alcohol can cause unpleasant effects. Most commonly, their face, neck and sometimes their whole body turns red. People might also feel sick to their stomach and lightheaded. They might experience a burning sensation, increased heart rate, shortness of breath and headaches.
The cause is a genetic difference that some people are born with. It prevents their bodies from processing alcohol the way other people do. But the effects might be more serious than just a red face. Researchers have warned of a link between this condition and an increased risk of cancer of the esophagus from drinking alcohol.
A report about facial flushing appeared recently in PLoS Medicine, a publication of the Public Library of Science. The report says the more alcohol that persons with this deficiency drink, the greater their risk. It estimates that at least five hundred forty million people have the deficiency.
Esophageal cancer is one of the deadliest cancers. It can be treated when found early. But once it grows the chances of survival drop sharply.
Philip Brooks is a researcher at America's National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Doctor Brooks says it is important to educate people about the link between the alcohol flushing effect and esophageal cancer. He says doctors should ask East Asian patients about their experiences with facial flushing after drinking alcohol. Those with a history of it should be advised to limit their alcohol use. They should also be warned that cigarette smoking works with the alcohol in a way that further increases the risk of esophageal cancer.
中文分词(Chinese Word Segmentation)指的是将一个汉字序列切分成一个一个单独的词。中文分词是文本挖掘的基础，对于输入的一段中文，成功的进行中文分词，可以达到电脑自动识别语句含义的效果。
TF-IDF（term frequency–inverse document frequency）是一种用于信息搜索和信息挖掘的常用加权技术。在搜索、文献分类和其他相关领域有广泛的应用。
TF-IDF的主要思想是，如果某个词或短语在一篇文章中出现的频率TF高，并且在其他文章中很少出现，则认为此词或者短语具有很好的类别区分能力，适合用来分类。TF词频(Term Frequency)指的是某一个给定的词语在该文件中出现的次数。IDF反文档频率(Inverse Document Frequency)的主要思想是：如果包含词条的文档越少，IDF越大，则说明词条具有很好的类别区分能力。
使用TF*IDF可以计算某个关键字在某篇文章里面的重要性，因而识别这篇文章的主要含义，实现计算机读懂文章的功能。
常见中文分词开源项目：
SCWS：
Hightman开发的一套基于词频词典的机械中文分词引擎，它能将一整段的汉字基本正确的切分成词。采用的是采集的词频词典，并辅以一定的专有名称，人名，地名，数字年代等规则识别来达到基本分词，经小范围测试大概准确率在 90% ~ 95% 之间，已能基本满足一些小型搜索引擎、关键字提取等场合运用。45Kb左右的文本切词时间是0.026秒， 换算完毕大概是 1.5MB文本/秒。支持PHP4he PHP 5。
这可是最早的中文开源分词项目之一，ICTCLAS在国内973专家组组织的评测中活动获得了第一名，在第一届国际中文处理研究机构SigHan组织的评测中都获得了多项第一名。ICTCLAS3.0分词速度单机996KB/s，分词精度98.45%，API不超过200KB，各种词典数据压缩后不到3M.ICTCLAS全部采用C/C++编写，支持Linux、FreeBSD及Windows系列操作系统，支持C/C++、C#、Delphi、Java等主流的开发语言。
Java 提供lucence 接口，仅支持Java语言。
一个中文词典开源项目，提供一份以汉语拼音为中文辅助的汉英辞典，截至2009年2月8日，已收录82712个单词。其词典可以用于中文分词使用，而且不存在版权问题。Chrome中文版就是使用的这个词典进行中文分词的。
Keir Thomas, PC World
PC World
Saturday, June 20, 2009 12:19 AM
Wine is an open source project that, on the face of it, seems to offer something wondrous: the ability to run Windows applications under Linux (or any other open source OS). It does this by attempting to recreate the Windows API layer in open source.
Finally! A chance to run those Windows programs for which there are no open source analogs: Quicken, or Flash CS. And all those games!
Sadly, the reality is a little more complicated. Yes, Wine is pretty good at running some Windows software and games. But to get the most out of it, you need to hack. Often, getting Wine to deliver is a black art, and not for novices.
Luckily, there are several ready-made installation wizards that help get around problems. These are scripts written by people who have done the hacking for you. There are four projects in particular that are worthy of mention: CrossOver, Cedega, Wine-Doors, and PlayOnLinux.
CrossOver comes in Game and standard versions, and is a proprietary and commercial project created by the same developers behind Wine. As such, it's simply the best choice for a fuss-free life. It'll cost you, but some of the money goes into sponsoring Wine developers.
Cedega is another proprietary and commercial project, this time primarily for gamers. By most accounts, it's the best choice if you simply want to play games, and the Cedega developers hack the Wine code significantly for better results. It will cost you, however, and works on a subscription basis rather than one-off licensing fee.
Wine-Doors and PlayOnLinux are both open source, and free-of-charge, so you may as well try each to find which suits your needs best. I take a quick look at both below. These instructions are for Ubuntu 9.04.
PreparationBefore installing any Wine application, it's a good idea to install the Microsoft Core Web fonts. These are the usual font suspects in a typical Windows install (Arial, Times New Roman etc.) and many Windows applications expect to find them in place. Things will probably look odd without them.
You can install them by either copying the .ttf files from a Windows installation, or by installing the msttcorefonts package. Fonts that are not supplied as part of this package, but which some applications might need, include Tahoma and MS Sans. You can find these around the web if you search. You can install them by creating a folder called .fonts in your/home directory and placing them there.
If you want to import directly from a Windows installation, you'll find the fonts in the C:\windows\fonts directory. Copy all the .ttf files to a USB stick, create a new folder in your/home directory called .fonts (note the period before the word fonts!), and place them there. And that's it. The fonts will now be available in all your applications.
PlayOnLinuxTo install PlayOnLinux, you'll need to add a new repository and install a software package from it. Open a terminal window (Applications, Accessories, Terminal) and type the following:
Once the program has installed, you'll find it on the Applications, Games menu (it's worth mentioning that PlayOnLinux is ? as its name suggests--primarily designed to allow the installation of Windows games, but it also features scripts for many popular applications).
When the program is run for the first time, you'll have to complete a setup wizard. Click Forward to work your way through. This will download the latest versions of the install scripts from the PlayOnLinux server.
Once things have finished, click the Install button on the toolbar. In the Window that appears, click a category on the left relating to the type of software you want to install, and then select the application on the right. Most free-of-charge applications, like Internet Explorer, can be downloaded on demand, but you'll need the install CD for commercial applications.
Once you've made your choice, click the Apply button. The wizard will then start and walk you through installation, including making any necessary downloads. Bear in mind that, eventually, the program's own installation wizard may start, and you'll have to work through this as usual too. Don't close the PlayOnLinux's wizard, however! Leave it open until it finishes of its own accord.
Often a specific older version of Wine, known to work with the application, will need to be downloaded. This will happen automatically.
Once installed, the Windows program will be found on the Applications> Wine menu. Note that there's a slight issue with Ubuntu 9.04 (Jaunty) whereby desktop shortcuts created by third-party applications don't work. To fix this, you need to make them executable. This can be done by using the chmod command. For example, the following will fix a desktop shortcut for the Safari Web browser once it's been installed:
All desktop shortcuts created in this way have a .desktop file extension, and this should help you identify them.
***safari.jpg
Wine-DoorsTo install Wine-Doors, you can once again add a new software repository. Open System> Administration> Software sources, and click the Third Party Tab in the window that appears. Click the Add button and type (or cut and paste) the following line:
Click the Close button and refresh the repository listings when prompted. Then use Synaptic to install the wine-doors package.
(Note that you can install the GPG key if you wish, which will avoid any harmless errors about unsigned packages.)
Once Wine-Doors has installed, you'll find it on the Applications> Wine menu, which is where you'll also find any Windows applications you install in future.
When Wine-Doors starts for the first time, you'll need to fill in your name and company details. These will be used when installing Windows applications. You can optionally tick the ?I Have a Windows License? button. This is needed in order to install certain Windows system components that facilitate the smooth running of Windows applications, as well as certain Windows add-ons whose EULAs demand a Windows license. Obviously, you shouldn't tick this box if you don't actually have a Windows license (i.e. a Windows installation on one of your computers).
When you click the Proceed button, Wine-Doors will update itself with the latest list of installation scripts. It's worth mentioning that hosting these scripts isn't cheap, and recently they had to be taken offline because of a funds shortfall
Once it's done, you'll be shown a list of applications and games. Simply click the install link alongside any in the list you wish to install, and then click the Apply button. Installation will then proceed, including the download of any necessary add-on software.
With any Wine installation, you'll find your applications in the directory of your folder (i.e. ). This is effectively a recreation of the Windows file system.
http://www.ubuntuhome.com/windows-and-ubuntu-install.html | Ubuntu Home Posted by Snow on 2012/06/25 安装Windows和Ubuntu双系统时，很多人喜欢先安装windows，然...
